The Complete Guide to Solar Panel Types & Technologies in India (2025)

Are you planning to go solar but feeling overwhelmed by all the choices—Mono PERC, Bifacial, TOPCon, HJT, and more? With India’s solar market evolving rapidly, it’s easy to get lost in technical jargon and government policies. This guide breaks down the essentials, so you can confidently choose the right solar panel for your home or business.

What Is a Solar Panel?

A solar panel is the powerhouse of any solar energy system, converting sunlight into electricity through silicon-based cells. The type of panel you choose will impact how much power you generate, how much space you’ll need, and how quickly you’ll see a return on your investment.

The Main Types of Solar Panels in India

Monocrystalline Panels

Monocrystalline (Mono) panels are made from a single, pure silicon crystal and are known for their uniform dark color. What sets them apart is their high efficiency—typically between 18% and 24%. This means they convert a larger portion of sunlight into usable electricity, so you need fewer panels (and less roof space) to meet your energy needs. Their superior performance in low-light and high-temperature conditions makes them ideal for rooftops where space is tight or for anyone looking to maximize their solar investment. You’ll often see these panels on urban homes and premium commercial buildings.

Polycrystalline Panels

Polycrystalline panels, with their bluish, speckled appearance, are made by melting multiple silicon crystals together. Their efficiency is a bit lower—usually 15–17%—which means you’ll need more panels to generate the same amount of power as mono panels. However, they’re more affordable and still offer solid reliability. Poly panels are a practical choice for larger rooftops, rural homes, and projects where budget is a bigger concern than squeezing the most power out of every square foot.

Thin-Film Panels

Thin-film panels use a very slim layer of photovoltaic material on a flexible backing. Their efficiency is typically in the 10–13% range, so they require more space to generate the same power as crystalline panels. However, they’re lightweight, flexible, and perform well in high temperatures and shaded conditions. In India, thin-film panels are mostly used in large commercial installations, unique architectural projects, or portable solar solutions.

The Technologies Powering Modern Solar Panels

Solar panel performance has advanced rapidly thanks to several innovative technologies. Here’s a breakdown of the most important ones you’ll encounter in the Indian market:

• PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell):
  This technology adds a special layer to the back of each solar cell, reflecting unabsorbed sunlight back into the cell for a second chance at conversion. The result? Improved efficiency, especially in hot climates and during early mornings or late afternoons when light is less intense.
• Bifacial:
  Unlike traditional panels, bifacial modules can generate electricity from both sides. The back side captures sunlight reflected off surfaces like white rooftops or the ground, often boosting total energy output by 10–30%. This makes them especially effective in open areas or commercial installations with reflective surfaces.
• Half-Cut Cells:
  By slicing each solar cell in half, manufacturers reduce the amount of current flowing through each cell, which means less electrical resistance and lower power loss. Half-cut cell panels are also more resilient to shading—if one part of a panel is shaded, the rest keeps working efficiently.
• Dual Glass/Twin PERC:
  Instead of the traditional glass-and-plastic construction, these panels use glass on both the front and back. This increases durability, making them more resistant to harsh weather, humidity, and dust—ideal for India’s diverse climates.
• TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact):
  A newer technology, TOPCon introduces a thin tunnel oxide layer and advanced contacts to the solar cell, further reducing electron loss and pushing efficiency even higher (often 22–23%). These panels are gaining popularity in high-performance and utility-scale projects.
• HJT (Heterojunction Technology):
  HJT panels combine crystalline silicon with ultra-thin layers of amorphous silicon, creating a hybrid cell that delivers exceptional efficiency and minimal performance loss over time. They also tend to have strong bifacial performance, making them a favorite for future-ready solar installations.

How Manufacturers Combine Technologies

Today’s leading solar brands often blend these features to create panels for every need:

• Mono PERC: High efficiency for small rooftops or premium homes.
• Poly PERC: Budget-friendly, reliable for larger spaces.
• Mono Bifacial PERC: Maximum output for open areas or commercial rooftops.
• TOPCon Bifacial & HJT Bifacial: Future-ready panels for solar parks and demanding environments.
• Dual Glass PERC: Extra durability for industrial or coastal settings.

Some panels even combine multiple advanced features—like Mono + TOPCon + Bifacial—for ultra-high performance and longevity.

Understanding DCR, Non-DCR & Subsidies in India

If you’re looking to take advantage of government subsidies, you’ll need to pay attention to DCR (Domestic Content Requirement). DCR panels are made in India using Indian-made cells, and are mandatory for most government-backed projects and subsidies. For example, under schemes like PM Surya Ghar Yojana, only DCR-compliant panels are eligible for financial benefits. Non-DCR panels, which use imported cells, are more common in private installations and may not qualify for these subsidies.

The government’s rooftop solar subsidy program (2025) offers generous incentives—up to ₹54,000 for a 3 kW system, with additional benefits for larger setups. Always check the latest guidelines and make sure your chosen panel is subsidy-eligible if you want to maximize your savings.

Choosing a Solar Panel Brand That Fits Your Needs

When comparing panel options, it’s helpful to look at manufacturers who offer a broad range of technologies and have a track record of reliability in Indian conditions. For instance, companies like Eastman have built a reputation by providing both monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels—including DCR-compliant, bifacial, and advanced PERC models—designed to meet the demands of everything from residential rooftops to large commercial projects. Their presence in the Indian market, along with strong warranties and after-sales support, makes them a familiar choice for many installers and homeowners.

How to Choose the Right Panel for You

• Limited space? Go for Mono PERC, TOPCon, or HJT panels for maximum efficiency.
• On a budget with lots of space? Poly PERC panels are practical and reliable.
• Need long life and strong output in tough conditions? Consider TOPCon Bifacial, HJT Bifacial, or Dual Glass panels.
• Unique needs (curved roofs, lightweight solutions)? Thin-film or flexible panels may be best.

Pro Tip: Always check for DCR compliance and warranty terms if you’re aiming for subsidies or long-term peace of mind.

Final Thoughts

Today’s solar market in India offers more choices than ever. By understanding the basics of efficiency, the impact of advanced technologies, and the importance of DCR for subsidies, you can confidently select a solar panel system that delivers the best value for your home or business. And with trusted brands like Eastman and others leading the way in innovation and reliability, you’re one step closer to a greener, more cost-effective future.